I say, the earth belongs to each of these generations during its course, fully and in its own right. The second generation receives it clear of the debts and incumbrances of the first, the third of the second, and so on. For if the first could charge it with a debt, then the earth would belong to the dead and not to the living generation. Then, no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the course of its own existence. - Letter to James Madison (6 September 1789)
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- court said lower court usurped legislative powers>
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How the Internet Makes False Flags More Difficult
Saturday, June 18, 2011 – by Staff Report
Anthony WileThe "Internet Reformation" (as we call it) is a natural outgrowth of our perception that the 'Net itself is a kind of modern-day Gutenberg Press. It's a concept we've been writing about for nearly a decade. Initially, it seemed like an interesting theory, but everything keeps falling into place and the historical parallels are startling. What they seem to reveal is an upcoming electronically-based Renaissance of sorts.This is of course not necessarily a popular view. The alternative Internet media is often relentlessly gloomy. One is bombarded daily with information about the 5,000-year-old evil of the Illuminati, the impossibility of stopping the New World Order, the invulnerability of the world's great banking families such as the Rothschilds and Rockefellers who are said to control tens or even hundreds of trillions.And yet, look around. Despite the challenges, there is plenty of evidence of pushback. And why shouldn't this trend continue, no matter what counterattacks are made?Look at history. The Catholic Church launched its Counter-Reformation but wasn't successful in stopping eitherLutheranism or Protestantism. The elites of the day tried to license printing presses but were not successful. They tried to confiscate books as well. Finally, they tried war, but eventually had to declare a peace via the Treaty of Westphalia that established the modern nation state.What was seemingly at work then, as now, is Marshall McLuhan's "hive mind." People may scoff at the concept of a hive mind, but humans are seemingly structured to seize on the most modern concepts as part of the struggle to survive and get ahead. The stale nostrums of the modern Dark Age – the 20th century – are giving way to a dawn of knowledge hitherto repressed by the power elite.The discovery of the 10,000 year-old-city of Dwarka off the coast of India, the probable reality of a universe organized by electricity rather than gravity, the existence of abiotic oil generated by geological processes, the reality of vitamin therapy and naturopathy have all found popularity on the Internet – along with the free-market economics of Austrians such as Ludwig von Mises. Twenty years ago, such concepts and discoveries would not have been mentioned, generally, let alone circulated.The Internet has begun to blow up power elite memes – the fear-based promotions by which the Anglo-Americanelites have sought to control society. Literally trillions of dollars have been thrown into an effort to create a network of political structures (UN, IMF, BIS, etc.), think tanks, educational facilities and popular media that can amplify thesedominant social themes. Once they have become part of the public consciousness, authoritarian and globalist solutions are inevitably proposed. It looks like a natural process but in fact, it is an entirely artificial one.The same process takes place as regards investing. Fear-based themes such as global warming are promoted with increasing fervor over years and decades. International political solutions are introduced along with corporate solutions. Companies large and small proclaim "green" solutions even though global warming has been massively discredited.And the scale at which the Anglo-American power elite works is almost unfathomable, and the current conspiracy to create One World Government probably goes back at least 300 years. From bases in the City of London, the Vaticanand Washington DC, seep deliberate promotions – often seemingly honed within the Tavistock Institute. A handful of great banking families along with their religious, corporate and military facilitators, go to work to waft them around the world.Once the dominant social themes and sub themes are distributed via the controlled mainstream media, the UN and other internationalist institutions produce solutions that inevitably involve more control for the globalists at the expense of the world's unknowing citizenry.There are vast sums of money to be made as well within this great game of mind control. Private companies are provided with "solutions" to the elite promotions of the day. These entities, controlled by the elites, funded by their hedge funds and private money, are gradually released onto the world's great exchanges.Once the companies are public, cash is funneled back to its inevitable elite destination where the "wisemen" have vast seed positions at virtually no cost. The great families and their facilitators siphon off proceeds from their manipulations and invest the funds in more tangible assets such as real estate, oil and precious metals. The real estate is developed; the oil is marketed; the gold and silver finds its way back to Switzerland where it is stored in deep vaults and subject to off-the-books accounting by Switzerland's many private banks.It is probably that simple. First they seed the fear, then they deliver the dreams, then they blow off their 8.5 x 11 pieces of paper into smaller pieces of paper (fiat money), then they quickly convert that devaluing paper into tangible assets. Central banks are the control hub that gives the elite this power through money creation. Mainstream media is complicit in aiding and abetting the entire societal wealth-draining process, which is cloaked under a statist religion we call "regulatory democracy."This is the process that seems to have emerged painstakingly over the past century.The artificial business cycleitself helps consolidate this centralization. It is a work of virtual genius that has been elaborated on patiently over decades and centuries. Fortunately for the rest of the world, the Internet and its billions of bloggers and viewers has exposed every part of its operations. This is becoming a problem for the elites as the dollar reserve currency gradually collapses along with faith in individual securities investing to generate retirement income.All these manipulations are increasingly exposed. How do I know? You're reading this article aren't you? And even those who do not read this article may read similar analyses elsewhere. The same thing happened once the Gutenberg Press was discovered. People read the bible for themselves in vulgate and began to realize that the current corrupt version of the Roman Catholic Church did not correspond to the Holy Word. The word spread; revolutions and regime changes began.It's happening today for the same reasons. There were financial crises in Europe when the Gutenberg Press was expanding its influence. The financial crises combined with the explosion of information offered by books to create the Renaissance.The elites of the day tried to manipulate the explosion of knowledge via the Reformation (to split the Catholic church) and by fomenting the French Revolution. But for several hundred years, nothing worked as it should. Secret history seems to show us that no matter what the elites of the day did, freedom and knowledge expanded.We are still at the beginning of such a point of departure. The elites, having created a second, electronic printing press by mistake may now have to take a step back as they did before, 500 years ago. One can see knowledge spreading.Google's search engine provides us with literally tens of millions of cites for Mises, Hayek and free-market economics. There is a great hunger for information about free-markets and free-market thinking and the Internet has made it possible to satisfy that need.It seems to have taken about 100 years for the Gutenberg Press to spark the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, the French Revolution and numerous other social changes. The impact of the Gutenberg Press likely was responsible for a number of ill-defined "Peasant" wars as well, that raged across Europe for 30 years.The wars were so numerous finally and so wide-ranging that the European leadership of the day had to convene a peace conference in Westphalia that lasted a full decade. Out of it emerged the concept of an inviolate nation state. No country had the right to attack another.This Peace of Westphalia was deliberately overturned by the UN Security Council in 2005. Something called theResponsibility to Protect (R2P) was substituted in its place. R2P virtually demands that if a leadership is "threatening" it citizens, the big Western powers have an affirmative obligation to intervene. R2P has now embroiled the West in numerous major, military confrontations.One of the ways that the elites responded to the advent of the Gutenberg Press was through war – and more war. Various low-key wars spread across the length and breadth of Europe. It didn't do much good, though. The Renaissance still happened. The Reformation spun out of control. British royalty was overthrown. The New World was discovered and populated. Freedom was rediscovered and the scientific method was introduced.One can make a case (and we have) that this paradigm, exactly, is repeating itself. It may be true that an Internet false flag event is being planned by Western elites. War on a false enemy may be declared as a result – and laws passed to restrict the Internet and block the alternative media – all in an attempt to stop truth-telling. But while many who are predicting the demise of the Internet (as a facility for the free dispersal of knowledge), I don't.There are signs of what is to come. The hacker group Lulzsec recently took down the CIA web site after attacking US Congress web facilities as well. Some have claimed Lulzsec is itself a front for US Intel agencies. Suspicions have been raised as well about the hacker group Anonymous. We reported the other day about CIA Director Leon Panetta, who said in a recent hearing that the US may soon face a cyber attack that would be the equivalent of Pearl Harbor. Alternative Internet websites increasingly have been filled with articles about potential false-flag events.Over at Washington's Blog, for example, we find an article on false flags entitled, Are Hacker Attacks False Flag Attacks to Justify a Crackdown on the Internet? Washington relates how former Counter Terrorism Czar Richard Clarke told a leading expert on internet free speech, Stanford law professor Lawrence Lessig, that there was going to be an "i-9/11″, in other words, an electronic terrorist act, and an "i-Patriot Act" to crack down on freedoms on the Internet under the guise of protecting against such threats.Washington, like many from the blogosphere, believes that like The Patriot Act, an i-Patriot Act is "sitting in the drawers of the Justice Department for the last 20 years waiting for the event where they would pull it out." This may well be the case. But there are still stubbornly lingering questions over 9/11, with many, according to surveys, apparently harboring suspicions that 9/11 itself constituted some sort of false flag operation intended to start wars and introduce even more authoritarianism into the US.If one goes online and queries Google with "Internet false flag" nearly FOUR MILLION cites turn up. There is a good deal of consciousness within the alternative press at this point about such potential false flags. A false flag by definition is a secret manipulation. How can an Internet false flag be introduced logically when everybody knows about it and is expecting it?There are many ways it can happen of course. But in fact, with secrecy all but undermined as regards these black ops, the Anglosphere elite that surely wishes to undermine the Internet Reformation is going to run into considerable pushback if it tries one of these operations. This is not to say it won't happen, only that it may not be nearly as effective as some are now predicting.This article has tried to show that what is occurring today with respect to a major societal shift in understanding also happened 500 years ago with the advent of the Gutenberg Press. The parallels exist for anyone who wishes to scrutinize them and the affinity of the trend lines are being drawn realtime.The elites of the day seemingly could not control the ramifications of the Gutenberg Press no matter what they tried to do, and they evidently tried everything from war, to licensing, to false flag events and social manipulation. It didn't matter; force never solves anything longer term. Indeed, "the pen is mightier than the sword." Now, nearly 600 years after Gutenberg's original invention of mass conversation, a "great shift" – Internet Reformation – has begun anew.Of course, analyzing history in hindsight is a difficult occupation. Certainly people can come to a different conclusion, or even entirely reject this analysis as facile. But for me the parallels are clear. The Internet Reformation itself may prove a great deal more resilient than some now believe. The human hive mind is busy buzzing. The spread of knowledge – real knowledge – continues. The Dark Ages of the 20th century begin to lift and Dreamtime subsides. Information about free-markets continues to spread. Are these trends reversible? Don't think so.
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- For anyone not familiar with Saul Alinsky, he was a socialist if not communist activist that was the father the Ends Justifies the Means mentality of the modern progressive.* Rule 1: Power is not only what you have, but what an opponent thinks you have. If your organization is small, hide your numbers in the dark
and raise a din that will make everyone think you have many more people
than you do.
* Rule 2: Never go outside the experience of your people. The result is
confusion, fear, and retreat.
* Rule 3: Whenever possible, go outside the experience of an opponent.
Here you want to cause confusion, fear, and retreat.
* Rule 4: Make opponents live up to their own book of rules. “You can
kill them with this, for they can no more obey their own rules than the
Christian church can live up to Christianity.”
* Rule 5: Ridicule is man’s most potent weapon. It’s hard to
counterattack ridicule, and it infuriates the opposition, which then
reacts to your advantage.
* Rule 6: A good tactic is one your people enjoy. “If your people aren’t
having a ball doing it, there is something very wrong with the tactic.”
* Rule 7: A tactic that drags on for too long becomes a drag. Commitment
may become ritualistic as people turn to other issues.
* Rule 8: Keep the pressure on. Use different tactics and actions and
use all events of the period for your purpose. “The major premise for
tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant
pressure upon the opposition. It is this that will cause the opposition
to react to your advantage.”
* Rule 9: The threat is more terrifying than the thing itself. When
Alinsky leaked word that large numbers of poor people were going to tie
up the washrooms of O’Hare Airport, Chicago city authorities quickly
agreed to act on a longstanding commitment to a ghetto organization.
They imagined the mayhem as thousands of passengers poured off airplanes
to discover every washroom occupied. Then they imagined the
international embarrassment and the damage to the city’s reputation.
* Rule 10: The price of a successful attack is a constructive
alternative. Avoid being trapped by an opponent or an interviewer who
says, “Okay, what would you do?”
* Rule 11: Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, polarize it.
Don’t try to attack abstract corporations or bureaucracies. Identify a
responsible individual. Ignore attempts to shift or spread the blame.
Quotes from Saul Alinsky
A racially integrated community is a chronological term timed from the entrance of the first black family to the exit of the last white family.
Saul Alinsky
Always remember the first rule of power tactics; power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have.
Saul Alinsky
Change means movement. Movement means friction. Only in the frictionless
vacuum of a nonexistent abstract world can movement or change occur
without that abrasive friction of conflict.
Saul Alinsky
History is a relay of revolutions.
Saul Alinsky
Last guys don't finish nice.
Saul Alinsky
Life is a corrupting process from the time a child learns to play his
mother off against his father in the politics of when to go to bed; he
who fears corruption fears life.
Saul Alinsky
Once you accept your own death, all of a sudden you're free to live. You
no longer care about your reputation. You no longer care except so far
as your life can be used tactically to promote a cause you believe in.
Saul Alinsky
Power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have.
Saul Alinsky
Tactics mean doing what you can with what you have.
Saul Alinsky
The greatest enemy of individual freedom is the individual himself.
Saul Alinsky
We must believe that it is the darkest before the dawn of a beautiful new world. We will see it when we believe it.
Saul Alinsky
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Theories of property
There exist many theories. One is the relatively rare first possession theory of property, where ownership of something is seen as justified simply by someone seizing something before someone else does.[6] Perhaps one of the most popular, is the natural rights definition of property rights as advanced by John Locke. Locke advanced the theory that when one mixes one’s labor with nature, one gains a relationship with that part of nature with which the labor is mixed, subject to the limitation that there should be "enough, and as good, left in common for others."[7]From the RERUM NOVARUM, Pope Leo XIII wrote "It is surely undeniable that, when a man engages in remunerative labor, the impelling reason and motive of his work is to obtain property, and thereafter to hold it as his very own."Anthropology studies the diverse systems of ownership, rights of use and transfer, and possession[8] under the term "theories of property." Western legal theory is based, as mentioned, on the owner of property being a legal person. However, not all property systems are founded on this basis.In every culture studied ownership and possession are the subject of custom and regulation, and "law" where the term can meaningfully be applied. Many tribal cultures balance individual ownership with the laws of collective groups: tribes, families, associations and nations. For example the 1839 Cherokee Constitution frames the issue in these terms:Communal property systems describe ownership as belonging to the entire social and political unit. Such arrangements can under certain conditions erode to open access resources. This development has been critiqued by the tragedy of the commons.Corporate systems describe ownership as being attached to an identifiable group with an identifiable responsible individual. The Roman property law was based on such a corporate system.Different societies may have different theories of property for differing types of ownership. Pauline Peters argued that property systems are not isolable from the social fabric, and notions of property may not be stated as such, but instead may be framed in negative terms: for example the taboo system among Polynesian peoples.[9][edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property
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- You choose to focus on the part that said CHINA - it is necessary to look outside the box the government has put us in so we can determine a way out of the hole. I made no supporting argument for China and it treatment of the citizens there, I simply pointed to the benefits that the POOR of America that either have no jobs or have no job skills. These are the permanent underclass that is generational on the public dole. The sector would also include the unskilled worker that lives on $8 to $ 12 per hour retail sales or food service industry. Lower cost of everyday products changes their standard of living.Even if you close the American market and raise the minimum wage to $ 25 per hour the new amount will only purchase a equal or even lower standard of living as all other wages increase the prices of everything will also rise. This is pure INFLATION without benefit to any sector of the society except government. Government receives more total tax dollars and can payoff debts with cheap dollars. So, In this economic model does the citizen gain or lose? Does the government win or lose?You ignored my last comment about the following:IMO we are still faced with a current designed in problem with the restrictions on industries to develop natural resources and to manufacture the heavy industrial goods we require to continue to grow our economy. Only with re-industrialization can we compete with other nations; a battle we will always win if we are FREE to conduct commerce. It is not the external treaties that killed our industries it is the self inflicted wounds to our industries and after we cut off their legs we ask them to compete in a race.The problem is government and the solution is freedom and a free market for our producer to produce what sells and not what the government regulates - that would be light bulbs and not CFTs.I will now repeat the same principle by using a WSJ article 6/24/11:FACTORY JOBS BECOME ELECTION ISSUEThe graph proves what I said above that in 1950 31% of the worker were employed in manufacturing and today in 2011 it is 9%. So, you can see the effect of EPA, OSHA,EEOC, BLM, NFS, ESA, political actions to close access to natural resources and excess regulations of the industries.People with sophisticated machine operator skills that can earn $ 50,000 to $ 80,000 a year in factories , but many U.S. manufactures say they can not find enough YOUNG people interested in acquiring those job skills. Skill shortages are emerging in engineering and other skilled positions.Another current example is that Pennsylvania lost 169,000 jobs since Obama took office and that included 51,000 manufacturing jobs. It has been a down hill trend for the U.S.A. since 1950 and if you research it out you will find that the cost of regulations were a much greater cause of factories moving offshore than labor. This is proven out because the labor content of most manufactured items has been reduced by using automation and improved techniques. Many will say it was wage related but that is not 100% true. EPA permits, law suits from E-greens and agencies of the government delay any upgrade or improvement to factories, in some cases this has held up project for more than 10 years.So, while is is popular to blame or point at the evil Corporations and greedy profit seekers they are more times than not innocent of the charges - they were reacting to changes in government regulations and access to energy and raw materials. If the government closes iron, aluminium and copper smelters then the industries that use those items follow the material sources.When all thing that we see are going down hill and the future looks bleak it is time to look at the real cause of the depression and it is always started and continued by government policy. When a huge number of attorneys such as Congress start to run and plan the business of the citizens - delays and cost increases without a increase in productivity doom the economy and make recovery nearly impossible.Lock Piatt 2011
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By JONATHAN WEISMAN And JAMES R. HAGERTY
President Barack Obama, eyeing an unexpected political opening for his re-election campaign, will travel Friday to Pittsburgh to talk up a "renaissance" in domestic manufacturing, just days after his leading rival called the president "out of touch" for suggesting young Americans seek jobs in the sector.
President Obama will travel Friday to Pittsburgh to talk up a "renaissance" in domestic manufacturing, even as Mitt Romney says the President is "out of touch" for suggesting young Americans seek jobs in the sector. Jonathan Weisman has details.Obama campaign aides see this as a theme to pursue in the potential battlegrounds of the Rust Belt when Mr. Obama speaks Friday at Carnegie Mellon University. Mitt Romney, a former Massachusetts governor and the Republican frontrunner, opposed the federal bailout of the auto industry and appeared to scoff this month, first in Detroit, then in Florida, at the notion of manufacturing as a job engine for the future."Last month, 5,000 people lost their jobs in manufacturing," Romney said at the Detroit appearance. "The president seems to be out of touch with what's happening in his own economy."The direction manufacturing takes from here through 2012 could determine whether traditionally Democratic states including Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin become battlegrounds. Republicans made strong gains in the Rust Belt in 2010, powered by economic malaise.While perhaps not in full flower, the manufacturing sector has been something of a bright spot for the bleak job market after decades of declines.Manufacturing jobs in May totaled 11.7 million, up 1.4% from a year earlier, according to preliminary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the same period, total nonfarm jobs grew just 0.7%.In 2010 and early this year, manufacturing output has grown as customers began building up depleted inventories. Manufacturing industrial production, measured on a quarter-to-quarter basis, grew at a 7% annual rate in the first three months of 2011, after expanding at a 3.4% annual rate in the fourth quarter of 2010.Rising production and shipping costs abroad and a weaker dollar have persuaded some companies to bring production back to the U.S. General Electric is moving production of water heaters to Kentucky from China. Window company U.S. Block Windows brought the acrylic window production of an acquired company to Pensacola, Fla., from Asia."We looked at the costs involved, inventory costs, lead times, the savings we were supposed to be getting. It just became a very easy decision for us," said Roger Murphy, the company's president.For a fragile sector that has struggled to compete with low-cost companies overseas, the gains could be fragile, especially if companies in the U.S. find productivity gains that mitigate the need to hire new workers.The pace of job growth is beginning to decelerate as a stubbornlyweak housing market, rising raw-material costs and tepid job growth weigh on the overall economy. Industrial production fell 0.4% in April, compared to March.Mr. Murphy said repatriating operations from China created only between eight and 10 additional jobs in Florida.Romney aides say he will stay on offense. "Mitt was emphasizing this administration's failure to create manufacturing jobs, or any jobs for that matter," said Romney campaign spokeswoman Andrea Saul. "As president, Mitt Romney will make job creation his top priority, including the creation of jobs in manufacturing."The Republican is preparing a new hit on Mr. Obama's overall economic performance for Friday. He plans to cite a raft of statistics both nationally and in Pennsylvania, which has lost more than 169,000 jobs since the president took office, including 51,000 manufacturing jobs.The administration is betting it can goose the trends by expanding partnerships between firms and community colleges for training, improving coordination between universities and advanced manufacturers, liberalizing export rules and pressing for more federal spending on sectors such as green manufacturing."There are growth opportunities in manufacturing," Ron Bloom, the president's point man on manufacturing on the National Economic Council, said Thursday.The sector "took a huge fall in the recession, but it's building itself back and really leading the recovery."People with sophisticated machine-operating skills often can earn $50,000 to $80,000 a year in factories, but many U.S. manufacturers say they can't find enough young people interested in acquiring those job skills. Already, skill shortages are emerging in engineering and other positions."There's still a stigma about working in manufacturing," says Chris Arsenault, a human-resources manager at New Balance Athletic Shoe Inc., which makes shoes at plants in Maine and Massachusetts. "Part of what we try to do is change people's perceptions."In the longer term, aAbout 30% of the manufacturing work force is expected to retire over the next 10 to 15 years."We are alive and well and need workers," says Phyllis Miller, human-resources manager at Hamill Manufacturing Co., whose plant in Trafford, Pa., shapes metal parts for defense and industrial goods. "Every company I talk to has an aging work force that will need to be replaced in the next 10 years or so, and that doesn't even account for the need if companies want to grow."Write to Jonathan Weisman at jonathan.weisman@wsj.com and James R. Hagerty atbob.hagerty@wsj.com
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- And I lost a hero yesterday, was about to turn 13 when he made his famous dunk:RIPLorenzo Charles
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- To young to go but God has plans beyond ours.You have found the double Dutch and the double Irish international tax loopholes. Google save about $ 3 billion doing the same thing. Microsoft has billion over their but borrows money here in the U.S.A. to buy new companies - Our silly insistence on taxing business [which can not pay taxes as it passes them off to the consumer of the products or services.] keep these companies on building and expanding foreign operations instead of building here at home. Stupid and you can not fix stupid. IMO
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- Joe you have exposed the BIG LIE of promoted by the Progressive Socialist Democrats over the last 100+ years. They have convinced the media, the journalists, the educators, the middle class workers, the general population that the BIG BUSINESS AND THE RICH have made their money [profits] off the backs of the workers. We now have Lawyers and Professionals that also believe this outright misrepresentation of the real facts on taxes and who pays them.WE all know that you can not tax a business you can only increase it's costs [expenses] which it must pas on to it's customer base or it will just go bust. Only government can continue to expand spending forever as long as it has the power to print currency and to tax. We are all seeing the truth of the spending and taxing in our States and cities across the land; we all know the Federal government is out of control.If the average middle class worker would just write down every tax they pay from their earnings they would revolt tomorrow. Start with FICA, unemployment, income tax, excise taxes [look at your phone bill - maybe 20 taxes], transaction and profits tax on the business that product the products we use each day. Look at the evil BIG OIL -they pay income taxes, removal taxes, environmental taxes, regulation taxes, and then at the pump we pay Federal taxes on each gallon and there are other taxes for city and State and then on top of those taxes we the consumer must pay sales tax on the taxes other paid. So, yes every time we buy products or services we pay sales tax on the prepaid taxes of the seller or producer.Do I recall something called 'TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" being a major problem one time a long time ago?A wise and frugal Government, which shall retrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.
Thomas Jefferson
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- Oh that it was that simple - first we must "TEACH THEM" the Constitution as they believe what they have been told by the Law Professors and the Usurping Justices. They need to be re-educated with what the Constitution actually says not what has been rewritten and twisted like the Commerce Clause, the Necessary and Proper clause and the General Welfare statement. We must keep in mind that the Preamble of the Constitution is not the law it is to introduce the laws.
Preamble Note
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, doordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.Constitutional Topic: The Preamble
The Constitutional Topics pages at the USConstitution.net site are presented to delve deeper into topics than can be provided on the Glossary Page or in the FAQ pages. This Topic Page concerns The Preamble. The first paragraph of the Constitution provides the context for the Constitution — the "why" of the document.
The Constitution was written by several committees over the summer of 1787, but the committee most responsible for the final form we know today is the "Committee of Stile and Arrangement". This Committee was tasked with getting all of the articles and clauses agreed to by the Convention and putting them into a logical order. On September 10, 1787, the Committee of Style set to work, and two days later, it presented the Convention with its final draft. The members were Alexander Hamilton, William Johnson, Rufus King, James Madison, and Gouverneur Morris. The actual text of the Preamble and of much of the rest of this final draft is usually attributed to Gouverneur Morris.The newly minted document began with a grand flourish &mdash the Preamble, the Constitution's raison d'être. It holds in its words the hopes and dreams of the delegates to the convention, a justification for what they had done. Its words are familiar to us today, but because of time and context, the words are not always easy to follow. The remainder of this Topic Page will examine each sentence in the Preamble and explain it for today's audience.We the People of the United StatesThe Framers were an elite group — among the best and brightest America had to offer at the time. But they knew that they were trying to forge a nation made up not of an elite, but of the common man. Without the approval of the common man, they feared revolution. This first part of the Preamble speaks to the common man. It puts into writing, as clear as day, the notion that the people were creating this Constitution. It was not handed down by a god or by a king — it was created by the people.in Order to form a more perfect UnionThe Framers were dissatisfied with the United States under the Articles of Confederation, but they felt that what they had was the best they could have, up to now. They were striving for something better. The Articles of Confederation had been a grand experiment that had worked well up to a point, but now, less than ten years into that experiment, cracks were showing. The new United States, under this new Constitution, would be more perfect. Not perfect, but more perfect.establish JusticeInjustice, unfairness of laws and in trade, was of great concern to the people of 1787. People looked forward to a nation with a level playing field, where courts were established with uniformity and where trade within and outside the borders of the country would be fair and unmolested. Today, we enjoy a system of justice that is one of the fairest in the world. It has not always been so — only through great struggle can we now say that every citizen has the opportunity for a fair trial and for equal treatment, and even today there still exists discrimination. But we still strive for the justice that the Framers wrote about.insure domestic TranquilityOne of the events that caused the Convention to be held was the revolt of Massachusetts farmers known as Shays' Rebellion. The taking up of arms by war veterans revolting against the state government was a shock to the system. The keeping of the peace was on everyone's mind, and the maintenance of tranquility at home was a prime concern. The framers hoped that the new powers given the federal government would prevent any such rebellions in the future.provide for the common defenceThe new nation was fearful of attack from all sides — and no one state was really capable of fending off an attack from land or sea by itself. With a wary eye on Britain and Spain, and ever-watchful for Indian attack, no one of the United States could go it alone. They needed each other to survive in the harsh world of international politics of the 18th century.promote the general WelfareThis, and the next part of the Preamble, are the culmination of everything that came before it — the whole point of having tranquility, justice, and defense was to promote the general welfare — to allow every state and every citizen of those states to benefit from what the government could provide. The framers looked forward to the expansion of land holdings, industry, and investment, and they knew that a strong national government would be the beginning of that.and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our PosterityHand in hand with the general welfare, the framers looked forward to the blessings of liberty — something they had all fought hard for just a decade before. They were very concerned that they were creating a nation that would resemble something of a paradise for liberty, as opposed to the tyranny of a monarchy, where citizens could look forward to being free as opposed to looking out for the interests of a king. And more than for themselves, they wanted to be sure that the future generations of Americans would enjoy the same.do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of AmericaThe final clause of the Preamble is almost anti-climactic, but it is important for a few reasons — it finishes the "We, the people" thought, saying what we the people are actually doing; it gives us a name for this document, and it restates the name of the nation adopting the Constitution. That the Constitution is "ordained" reminds us of the higher power involved here — not just of a single person or of a king, but of the people themselves. That it is "established" reminds us that it replaces that which came before — the United States under the Articles (a point lost on us today, but quite relevant at the time).Article I follows the above and that is the first part of the Constitution and its limits on government. IMO the Preamble has no force of law but is introductory to the law of the land and the establishment of the RULE - BY - LAW AND NOT RULE - BY - MAN that a democracy would use.
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